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Wangshan Red - New Early Mature Apple Variety
Wangshanhong is an early-maturing, high-quality, storage-resistant, and disease-resistant new apple variety developed by the Liaoning Orchard Research Institute. It was bred from the early-maturing red buds of Changfu No. 2 (also known as Red Fuji). This variety has reached a leading level in domestic apple cultivation and has been officially registered with the Liaoning Provincial Seed Administration. After extensive trials and demonstrations, it has shown excellent performance and holds great potential for widespread development and promotion.
**Main Characteristics**
1. **Tree Traits**: Young trees exhibit strong growth potential with clear apical dominance. The tree structure is robust, with an open posture and a semi-circular canopy. Within one year, shoots can grow to about 75 cm long with a diameter of 2 cm. The bark of perennial branches is light brown, while 10-year-old branches have a grayish-brown color. The germination rate is 52%, and the short branch rate reaches 82%. The saplings primarily bear fruit on medium and long fruiting branches, with middle and short ones being dominant during full fruiting. Trees start bearing fruit 4–5 years after planting, reaching full production at 6–7 years, with minimal fruit drop before harvest.
2. **Flower and Fruit Traits**: The flower corolla has a diameter of 3.3 cm, with 5 pistils and 18 stamens. Each inflorescence averages 5.4 flowers. Self-pollination and fruit set are relatively low. The fruit is nearly round, weighing about 260 grams, with a fruit shape index of 0.87. The skin is yellow-green with fresh red stripes, clean, and free from rust. The flesh is light yellow, crisp, sweet and sour, juicy, and fragrant. It contains 15.3% soluble solids, 12.1% soluble sugar, 0.38% titratable acid, and 8.35 mg/100g of vitamin C, making it nutritionally rich.
3. **Storage Ability**: After harvesting, the fruit can be stored in greenhouses until March of the next year and under refrigeration until June, maintaining its quality without significant changes.
4. **Disease Resistance**: Wangshanhong exhibits stronger cold resistance and resistance to rough skin disease and the golden thread moth compared to Changfu No. 2.
5. **Phenological Periods**: In southern Liaoning, the tree starts sprouting between April 10–13, blossoms from April 30–May 3, and matures in mid-October (about 15 days earlier than Changfu No. 2). The fruit development period lasts 155 days, with leaves falling in early November and a vegetative growth period of approximately 215 days.
**Cultivation Techniques**
1. **Site Selection and Planting**: Choose fertile, deep soil for orchard establishment. Use healthy, disease-free seedlings. For standard rootstocks, plant at 3.4 meters spacing, and for dwarf rootstocks, use 2m x 4m spacing. Plant 56–83 trees per acre.
2. **Pollination and Fruiting**: Plant compatible pollinators such as Yueshuai, Shouhong, and Jinguan. A 4:1 or 4:4 configuration is recommended. Artificial pollination during flowering can improve fruit set.
3. **Pruning and Training**: Use a small crown semi-circular or free spindle shape. During summer, pull branches and remove vertical shoots. Retain oblique or back-growing shoots. In winter, prune main branches and extensions moderately.
4. **Fertilization and Irrigation**: Apply 60 kg of high-quality farmyard manure and 5 kg of special compound fertilizer per hectare as base fertilizer. Supplement with quick-release and trace fertilizers during flowering, early fruit, and fruit expansion periods.
5. **Thinning**: Remove marginal flowers during bud separation, keep central ones. Thin fruits 3–4 weeks after flowering, leaving one per inflorescence. Remove deformed or thin fruits 7–8 weeks later. Before harvest, eliminate worn or pest-infested fruits to improve quality and market value.
6. **Pest Control**: Focus on prevention and integrated management. Clear orchards after harvest and till until early spring, removing diseased material. Scrape old bark and burn or bury it. Use fruit bags to reduce contamination. Apply eco-friendly pesticides to manage diseases like ringworm, early leaf fall, gold moth, and peach borer.
**Suitable Growing Areas**
Wangshanhong demonstrates strong adaptability and resilience. It is suitable for areas where Changfu No. 2 (Red Fuji) thrives, including the Bohai Bay region, the old Yellow River course, the Loess Plateau in the northwest, and the cool and cold highlands in the southwest. It is ideal for provinces with similar growing conditions.