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The cause of death in suckling piglets
Lactating piglets are among the most challenging animals to raise in swine production. The mortality rate from birth to weaning is typically around 20%, which not only hampers herd development but also leads to substantial economic losses for farmers. Most of the deaths occur within the first three days after birth, making this period critical for piglet survival.
Suckling piglets are those that rely on their mother's milk for nutrition and growth, typically from birth until weaning, which usually lasts between 21 to 35 days, though in some countries it may be shorter, such as 21 to 28 days. During the fetal stage, piglets receive all necessary nutrients and eliminate waste through the placenta, benefiting from a stable and controlled environment. However, once born, they face a dramatic shift in conditions: they must start breathing air, digest food independently, and adapt to external environmental factors. This transition is one of the greatest stressors in a pig’s life. The ability of piglets to manage these early-life stresses determines their overall health and future performance.
Effective management during the lactation period is crucial. Farmers should focus on reducing stress, ensuring proper nutrition, and maintaining a clean and safe environment. A well-managed lactation phase can lead to higher survival rates, faster growth, uniform body size, and healthier piglets, all of which lay a strong foundation for future breeding or commercial use.
According to statistics, about 14% of piglets die before birth (stillbirths), 16% during farrowing, 16% on the day of birth, 15% on day one, 13% on day two, and 12% between days three and six. From day seven to day 34, another 14% die. In total, 74% of all deaths occur within the first two days after birth. Causes include stillbirths (16%), accidents (22%), infectious diseases (15%), and weakness due to poor vitality (4%). These figures highlight the importance of proper care, hygiene, and disease prevention in improving piglet survival.
Factors influencing piglet mortality include environmental conditions, genetic quality of the sow, feeding practices, management techniques, vaccination programs, and inbreeding levels. Most deaths happen within the first week, especially in the first three days. Therefore, focused attention during this early period is essential to reduce losses and improve productivity.