Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, etiology of inflammatory synovitis-based systemic disease. It is characterized by hand, small joints of the joints, symmetry, invasive joint inflammation, often associated with external organ involvement and serum rheumatoid factor positive, can lead to joint deformity and loss of function. According to statistics, the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in women is 2 to 3 times that of men.It can occur at any age, high incidence of age 40 to 60 years old. People who has rheumatoid arthritis in the late, severe or long-term bedridden patients, due to combined infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, heart, lung or kidney disease can be crisis to life. The main purpose of treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis is to reduce the inflammation of the joints, inhibit the development of lesions and irreversible bone destruction, as far as possible to protect the function of joints and muscles, and ultimately achieve complete disease remission or low disease activity target. Treatment principles include 1. Patient education, 2. General treatment 3. Drug treatment 4. Immune purification 5. Functional exercise 6. Surgical treatment. Anti-Rheumatoid arthritis drug treatment mainly includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs, immunosuppressive agents, immune and biological agents and botanicals. Over the past decade, the treatment of extra-articular lesions and the emergence of new therapies, so that the efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis has been significantly improved. Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis can get a good control or even complete remission.
Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis,Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis,Arthritis Treatment,Osteoarthritis Treatment,Best Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis,Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Drugs Taizhou Volsen Chemical Co., Ltd. , https://www.volsenchem.com
Hybrid cotton and its supporting cultivation techniques in the Yellow River Basin
Hybrid cotton is known for its high yield and strong resistance, making it a popular choice among most cotton farmers. In recent years, the adoption of hybrid cotton has grown rapidly, especially in the Yangtze River basin, where it has been widely accepted. In the southern part of the Yellow River basin, its planting area continues to expand, now reaching approximately 30% of total cotton cultivation. As more farmers begin to grow hybrid cotton, there's an increasing need to understand how to cultivate it effectively to maximize economic returns. However, many farmers in the Yellow River basin are still unfamiliar with the specific growth characteristics and management techniques required for hybrid varieties.
Compared to traditional cotton varieties, hybrid cotton has unique traits such as a robust root system, vigorous growth, rapid development, large vegetative mass, strong boll setting, and higher yield potential. These features require different fertilization and cultivation practices. The climate in the Yellow River basin differs from that of the Yangtze River region, with shorter frost-free periods (190–220 days) and lower annual rainfall (400–750 mm). Based on these ecological conditions and the long-term experience of growing high-yield hybrid cotton, this article outlines key cultivation techniques to help farmers in the Yellow River basin achieve better results.
First, timely sowing and transplanting are crucial. Hybrid cotton seeds are expensive, so using seedlings is common to save costs. Seedbeds should be located near fields with good drainage and fertile soil. Sowing dates depend on local temperatures, previous crops, and planting methods. Generally, sowing begins when the ground temperature reaches 13°C after a dry spell. In the first quarter of the year, seedlings are often started in late March to early April. For wheat or oilseed rape intercropping, sowing takes place in early April. Seeds are placed one per seedling, lightly covered with soil (1.5–2 cm), and treated with alum. Herbicides may be used to control weeds but not directly on the seeds. One week before transplanting, the plastic film is gradually removed to harden off the seedlings. Transplanting should occur when the air temperature is above 15°C and the 10 cm soil temperature is over 17°C, with moisture levels at least 65%. Typically, transplanting happens between late April and early May.
Second, proper planting density is essential. Hybrid cotton’s high yield potential depends on both individual plant vigor and population density. In the Yellow River basin, due to shorter growing seasons, optimizing density becomes even more important. Common planting methods include wheat-cotton intercropping (50–70%), vegetable-cotton intercropping (20–30%), and single-season spring-sown cotton (10–20%). Planting density varies depending on the crop type and soil fertility. For example, wheat-cotton intercropping typically uses 2,500–3,000 plants per mu, while single-season cotton may use 2,000–2,500 plants per mu. Soil quality and plant structure also influence density—fertile land can be sparser, while less fertile areas should be denser. Compact varieties may require closer spacing, while loose types can be spaced out.
Third, scientific fertilization is key. Hybrid cotton requires more nutrients than conventional varieties. A base fertilizer rich in organic matter is recommended, along with balanced nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. High-yield standards suggest 6,000–8,000 kg of compost per mu as base fertilizer, with 15 kg of pure nitrogen, 5 kg of P₂O₅, and 10 kg of K₂O during the growing season. Fertilizer application should follow a 2:6:2 ratio for bud, flower, and top dressing. However, adjustments should be made based on soil fertility and weather conditions.
Fourth, timely growth regulation is necessary. Diclosamide is commonly used to control excessive growth in dense or well-fertilized fields. The first application occurs during early flowering, followed by two more treatments before the boll stage. Adjustments can be made based on plant growth and rainfall.
Fifth, pest management is critical. Most hybrid cotton varieties are transgenic and resistant to certain pests, but they remain vulnerable to others like aphids and red spider mites. Special attention should be given to controlling second and third-generation bollworms, which are more prevalent in the Yellow River basin.
Lastly, disease prevention is vital. Verticillium wilt and blight are major threats. Farmers should choose resistant varieties, rotate crops, maintain clean fields, and apply appropriate fungicides. Using products like "Jiu Jiu Zhuang" or thiophanate-methyl can help reduce disease impact.
By following these techniques, farmers in the Yellow River basin can improve their hybrid cotton yields and ensure sustainable production.