Use a detailed view Before vaccination, a thorough inspection of the vaccine vials is essential. Check the appearance of the bottles and the color of the vaccine inside. Ensure that all information on the label—such as the name, batch number, usage instructions, dosage, and expiration date—is clearly visible. The bottle and stopper must be intact without cracks, and the vaccine should have a normal color, no foreign particles, and no signs of mold. If any of these conditions are not met, the vaccine should not be used. Special attention should be given to checking if the vaccine is still within its expiration date and has been stored under appropriate conditions. Strict disinfection Before opening the vaccine, remove the wax seal from the stopper and disinfect it with an alcohol swab. When administering the vaccine via injection, use a sterile needle to draw the liquid from the vial. Once the dose is drawn, do not remove the needle. Wrap the needle in alcohol-soaked cotton and reinsert it into the vial for the next administration. Avoid withdrawing the needle after injecting it into the animal to prevent contamination of the vaccine. Use special diluents If the vaccine requires dilution, always use the recommended diluent. Normal saline or cold purified water can be used, but never tap water or hot water containing chlorine. When mixing the vaccine, shake it thoroughly to ensure even distribution of the contents. Correct inoculation method Vaccination methods vary depending on the type of vaccine and include injections, nasal drops, eye drops, drinking water, oral administration, and sprays. For nasal vaccines, block one nostril while administering the other to ensure complete inhalation. Eye drops should be administered from the lower corner of the eye to ensure full coverage before moving to the next one. When using drinking water for vaccination, avoid metal containers and use clean water sources such as deep well or boiled water. Animals should be deprived of water for 4–6 hours before vaccination, depending on the temperature. Always follow the manufacturer's guidelines, as different batches may require different methods. Improper administration can lead to serious consequences, such as immune failure or adverse reactions. For example, when using a paratyphoid live vaccine, the viability rate of the bacteria should be checked. If the rate is above 50%, both oral and injectable methods are acceptable, but if below 50%, only oral administration is safe. Injection may cause severe reactions, including vomiting, shock, or even death. Oral administration of an injected vaccine can also lead to ineffective immunity. Use the vaccine immediately after dilution Before use, bring the vaccine to room temperature and shake it well after opening or diluting. Inactivated vaccines should be used within 12 hours, preferably no more than 24 hours. Live vaccines should be kept cool and dark after dilution and used within 2 hours, ideally no longer than 4 hours. Discard unused vaccine properly Unused vaccines should be heat-treated before disposal to prevent environmental contamination. Vaccines left in syringes should not be discarded directly; instead, they should be transferred into sealed containers and then disposed of after heat treatment. All used equipment must be disinfected and not discarded carelessly, as this could contaminate the environment and livestock areas. Do not vaccinate sick animals Vaccination should only be performed on healthy livestock and poultry. Animals that are weak, ill, or in the incubation period should be temporarily excluded from vaccination until they recover. Late pregnant animals should be handled with caution or avoided for stronger vaccines. Antibiotics and sulfa drugs should not be administered 7 days before or after vaccination, as they may interfere with the effectiveness of live bacterial or viral vaccines. Avoid high temperatures During vaccination, pay attention to the external temperature and try to avoid high-temperature periods. During hot seasons, schedule vaccinations in the early morning or late afternoon to avoid midday heat. On-demand usage Vaccines are delicate biopharmaceuticals that are sensitive to heat and some are also sensitive to freezing. Proper transportation and storage are crucial to maintain their potency. Any negligence during handling can compromise the quality and effectiveness of the vaccine, leading to immune failure. When transporting vaccines, ensure proper packaging to prevent breakage. Avoid exposure to high temperatures and direct sunlight. Maintain low temperatures during transit. If the ambient temperature does not exceed 8°C, standard transport is acceptable. Above 8°C, refrigeration is necessary. Large quantities should be transported in refrigerated trucks, while smaller amounts can be placed in insulated containers with ice packs. Inactivated vaccines must not be frozen during cold weather. After purchase, vaccines should be used promptly. If not used immediately, store them according to the label instructions. Generally, they should be used within two days and stored in a dark, dry place at 2°C to 15°C, such as a cellar or refrigerator. For long-term storage, attenuated virus vaccines should be frozen at -15°C to -20°C, while inactivated vaccines should be stored at 2°C to 8°C. Freeze-dried vaccines must be handled carefully to avoid freezing and rehydration. Inactivated vaccines should never be frozen, as this can reduce their potency or inactivate them entirely. One of the key advantages of smart padlocks is their ability to be unlocked remotely via smartphone apps. 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Livestock and poultry vaccines should be used scientifically
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