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Astragalus Hatchery Disease Prevention and Control Technology
Astragalus membranaceus is a highly regarded aquaculture species that has gained popularity in recent years. Beyond its culinary value, it also holds significant medicinal benefits. This species is widely distributed across China, with the exception of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Currently, the development of Astragalus breeding is progressing rapidly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern regions, offering strong market potential and high economic returns. One of the unique characteristics of Astragalus is its sexual reversal phenomenon: females typically measure 30–60 cm in length, while males are usually over 60 cm. The sex of the fish can be identified by observing the position of the gonads, which are located about 30 cm below the female's body.
**I. Incubation of Astragalus**
For small-scale egg collection, eggs can be placed in open containers like cylinders or tubs for hatching. However, for large-scale operations, it is recommended to use non-toxic hatcheries or incubators. The water used for incubation should be clean and free from pollutants, ideally sourced from fresh, unpolluted rivers. Maintaining water quality is crucial during this period, so regular water changes are necessary to ensure sufficient dissolved oxygen. Microfluidic systems can also be employed for better control of water conditions.
Water temperature must be carefully regulated throughout the incubation process, ideally kept between 20°C and 30°C. When changing water, the temperature difference should not exceed 2°C to avoid shocking the eggs. If fertilized eggs are detected, immediate treatment is essential. A common method involves soaking the eggs in a 1/150,000 malachite green solution for 10–15 minutes, or using methylene blue for disinfection. This process should be repeated every two days, with full water exchanges each time. Under optimal conditions (25–30°C), fertilized eggs typically hatch within 5–7 days. Once the yolk sac disappears (usually 4–7 days after hatching), the fry should be transferred to a rearing system for further growth.
**II. Disease Control and Medication in Astragalus Membranaceus**
Artificially farmed Astragalus is prone to several diseases, including Saprolegnia, capillary nematode disease, bacterial skin infections, red skin disease, enteritis, and others. Early detection is critical, as many of these diseases become difficult to treat once symptoms are visible. Therefore, an integrated approach of prevention and timely treatment is essential.
1. **Saprolegnia (Fungal Infection)**
- Disinfect ponds with lime before stocking.
- Handle fish carefully during transport and stocking to avoid injuries.
- Soak affected fish in a 30–50 g/L salt solution or 10 mg/L potassium permanganate for 5–10 minutes.
- For salmonids, apply 0.2 g/m³ malachite green or 3 g/m³ methylene blue daily for three days.
2. **Capillary Nematode Disease**
- Clean the pond thoroughly with quicklime to kill eggs.
- Feed squid with trichlorfon-based bait (5–7.5 g per 50 kg of fish) for six consecutive days.
- Use a herbal mixture (Guanzhong, Nepeta, Scutellaria bark, buckwheat root bark in a 16:5:3:5 ratio) at 290 g per 50 kg of fish, mixed with boiling water and fed once daily for six days.
3. **Acanthosis (Parasitic Infection)**
- Disinfect the pond with lime or drain and expose to sunlight to eliminate intermediate hosts.
- Feed trichlorfon (5–7.5 g per 50 kg of fish) daily for six days, and spray 0.5–0.7 g/m³ of trichlorfon into the water simultaneously.
4. **Enteritis (Rotten Gut Disease)**
- Ensure proper feeding practices, avoiding spoiled food and maintaining a balanced diet.
- Disinfect the pond regularly with 15–20 g/m³ quicklime or 1–2 g/m³ bleach.
- Treat with sulfaguanidine (5 g per 50 kg of fish) or garlic-salt mixtures (500 g garlic + 250 g salt per 50 kg of fish) for 3–6 days.
5. **Bacterial Skin Diseases**
- Disinfect the pond with lime to remove pathogens.
- Maintain clean water and use 1–1.2 g/m³ bleach or 15–20 g/m³ lime for regular disinfection.
- Introduce crickets into the pond to help control infections.
- Feed sulfathiazole (0.5 g per 50 kg of fish) for 3–6 days.
6. **Red Skin Disease**
- Avoid injuring fish during handling.
- Regularly change and disinfect the water.
- Apply 0.25 g/m³ furazolidone or 1–1.2 g/m³ bleach for three days.
- Use chlortetracycline at 0.25 units/mL for treatment.
7. **Wilt Disease**
- Stock fish of similar size to prevent competition.
- Maintain appropriate stocking density.
- Provide a nutritious and consistent diet to support healthy growth.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can significantly reduce disease outbreaks and improve the overall success of Astragalus cultivation.