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How to prevent and treat melon pests and diseases
There are numerous diseases that affect melon cultivation, such as wilt, bacterial blight, and anthracnose. Based on years of practical experience, the author believes that vegetable farmers should focus on understanding the causes of these diseases and implement comprehensive management strategies to effectively control them and reduce their occurrence.
First, crop rotation is essential for preventing soil-borne diseases. Farmers growing vegetables on a large scale should divide their fields into 3–5 sections and rotate crops accordingly. For smaller plots, dividing the field into two parts and planting melons every other year is recommended. During rotation, it's advisable to grow rice or aquatic crops for one season, or plant crops like onions and garlic that release bactericidal substances. Avoid planting crops similar to melons in the same area. If transplanting seedlings, use fields that haven’t been planted with melons for several years, and use loam that’s free from melon residues for bagged seedlings. It’s also important to clear the field of diseased plant debris and burn it. If using guatuga glutinous rice, it's best to compost it at high temperatures to kill pathogens. Aphids are vectors of viral diseases, so avoid planting aphid-prone crops near melon fields.
Second, improving fertilizer techniques and emphasizing organic fertilizers can significantly enhance plant health. Using a mix of bio-fertilizers and conventional fertilizers after leaching not only boosts efficiency but also increases beneficial microorganisms in the soil, enhancing the rhizosphere’s microbial balance and suppressing pathogen activity. Field trials have shown that combining Guomanduo Bio-organic Fertilizer and Kokaxi Bio-organic Fertilizer with farmyard manure as base fertilizer, along with urine-based foliar sprays, greatly improves growth and reduces disease incidence—especially in early stages of wilt disease, when combined with chemical controls.
In addition to organic options, high-quality compound fertilizers provide necessary N, P, and K for wax gourds. Combining long-lasting organic nutrients with quick-acting chemical fertilizers ensures balanced nutrition. The critical period for phosphorus and potassium uptake in winter melons occurs during the seedling stage, so base fertilizers must be rich in these elements. Domestic products like Yangfeng compound fertilizer and Japanese-style compound fertilizers have proven effective in boosting yields. These commercial fertilizers offer both immediate and sustained benefits, with high nutrient absorption rates.
Many seedlings die in the early stages, but after the vines spread on trellises, sudden plant death increases, sometimes exceeding 50%. This is often due to improper nitrogen application under high temperature and rain conditions. Experience shows that nitrogen should not be applied before heavy rain or immediately after. Concentrated nitrogen applications can cause blight. Applying lime to acidic soils helps neutralize the pH and improve disease resistance.
Wax gourds require large amounts of nutrients, especially potassium. After flowering and fruiting, applying high-potassium foliar sprays like propandiol 2–3 times, in addition to high-quality compound fertilizers such as Yangfeng or residential-grade ones, can supplement root absorption and supply essential trace elements for healthy fruit development.
Third, proper drainage and selecting disease-resistant varieties are crucial. Wax gourds grow vigorously, with large leaves and high yield potential, but they are sensitive to waterlogging. Excess moisture in rainy seasons can lead to various diseases. Ensuring good drainage through raised beds is key to achieving high quality and yield. Proper watering during the fruiting stage is also vital—too much or too little water can result in misshapen fruits, poor quality, or even halted growth.