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Sowing wheat to increase phosphorus production
Phosphorus fertilizers are best used as base or seed fertilizers, and are not recommended for top-dressing. During the early growth stages of wheat, the plant's ability to absorb phosphorus is limited, making it especially sensitive to phosphate application. In such cases, the use of phosphate fertilizers can have a significant impact on yield.
In recent years, however, some fields have shown poor response to phosphate fertilizers, even with large applications. Still, in every soil type, when wheat is sown late, the effect of phosphate fertilizer becomes particularly noticeable. This was demonstrated in an experiment we conducted where wheat was sown in two different phases. The first phase took place at the optimal time, while the second was delayed by half an hour. Each sowing date had two treatments: nitrogen fertilizer alone, and nitrogen plus phosphate.
The results were striking. When sown at the right time with only nitrogen, the yield was 418 kg per mu. With both nitrogen and phosphate, the yield increased to 502 kg per mu — an increase of 86 kg. For the later sowing, the yield with only nitrogen was 328 kg per mu, but when phosphate was added, it jumped to 482 kg — a gain of 154 kg. Applying the same amount of phosphate to late-sown wheat nearly doubled the yield compared to the earlier sowing. Notably, even though the difference in sowing dates was just half a month, the late-sown wheat without phosphate showed a severe drop in yield. However, when phosphate was applied, it not only surpassed the yield of the non-phosphate treatment but also outperformed the earlier sowing with phosphate.
Another similar experiment was conducted on high-fertility land with naturally rich phosphorus levels. There, the effect of phosphate was minimal when wheat was sown on time, but when sowing was delayed by half a month, phosphate application increased yield by 132 kg per mu.
In one particular year, due to late corn harvest and rainy weather, wheat was sown more than 20 days later than usual. Despite this, applying phosphate fertilizer on top of nitrogen resulted in a large area of high-yield wheat, reaching 825 kg per mu. Only 517 kg of phosphate was used, yet the results were impressive. This was part of a demonstration experiment that confirmed the effectiveness of phosphate in late sowing conditions.
The reason for this efficiency lies in the environmental changes that occur when wheat is sown late. As sowing is delayed into autumn, soil temperatures decrease. Lower temperatures reduce the availability of phosphorus in the soil, as higher temperatures enhance phosphorus solubility and root uptake. When temperatures drop, the roots become less active, making it harder for plants to take up available nutrients. Phosphate fertilizer helps counteract this by increasing the number of tillers, which is crucial for late-sown wheat that often has fewer productive stems.
Deep application of phosphate fertilizer is also essential. Shallow application doesn’t allow the fertilizer to reach the root zone effectively, especially since phosphorus doesn’t move much in the soil. Deep placement ensures that the nutrient is accessible to the growing roots. This is particularly important for phosphate, which is less mobile and needs to be placed closer to where the roots will develop.
Finally, the phosphorus level in the soil determines how effective the fertilizer will be. Only on phosphorus-deficient soils does phosphate significantly boost yield. On soils already rich in phosphorus, it has little to no effect. Combining nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers is especially beneficial in dryland farming, where both nutrients are often lacking. Their combined use maximizes their respective benefits and improves overall crop performance.