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GGG) MAN B&W
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American black and red plum cultivation techniques
"U.S. Black Plum," also known as "Black Rose Plum," "Black Amber Plum," "Black Brown," "Black Li," or "Beautiful Li," is a variety that goes by different names in different regions. Originally introduced from the United States, this plum is characterized by its deep purple-black fruit. Hence, it is commonly referred to as the American Black Plum.
This variety is highly adaptable, grows quickly, starts bearing fruit early, and yields high production. Trees planted in March can produce 2–3 kilograms of fruit the following year, and by the third year, yields can exceed 20 kilograms per tree. Each fruit weighs between 80–120 grams, with a black-purple skin, yellow flesh, and a juicy, sweet flavor. Its sugar content exceeds 13 degrees, making it of excellent quality. The edible rate is over 95%, and in Guangdong, especially in northern Guangdong, the fruit ripens from late May to early June. The current market price in Guangzhou remains stable at 8 yuan/kg or higher, making it a promising and profitable fruit variety with strong market potential.
Below are the key points regarding suitable growing conditions and main cultivation techniques:
**First, Suitable Growing Areas:**
The U.S. Black Plum is heat-tolerant but not cold-resistant. It can survive winter temperatures as low as -28.3°C without frost damage. However, excessive winter heat may lead to poor results. According to field studies, this variety performs best in areas with winter frosts; otherwise, the yield may be low or insignificant.
**Second, Main Cultivation Techniques:**
1. **Land Selection:** This plum is highly adaptable and can be grown on slopes or flat land. It's best to choose deep, well-drained soil with good sunlight exposure.
2. **Planting Spacing:** It is recommended to plant trees at 4 x 3 meters or 3.5 x 3.5 meters, which allows for about 60 trees per acre.
3. **Planting Time:** Spring and autumn planting are both acceptable. Autumn planting should be done between November and December, while spring planting is also viable.
4. **Planting Requirements:**
(1) Digging holes and applying base fertilizer is essential.
(2) At least 10% of the orchard should consist of pollination trees. American Red Plum is recommended as a pollinator, as most plum varieties are self-incompatible, and proper pollination can significantly increase yield.
5. **Field Management:**
(A) **Fertilization:**
- For young trees, nitrogen-based fertilizers like urea or composted manure are ideal before new shoots appear in spring and summer.
- For mature trees, apply flowering fertilizer 10 days before blooming, followed by a strong fruit fertilizer during rapid fruit growth. These two applications should include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. After harvesting, apply organic fertilizers such as peanut bran and chicken manure, along with a small amount of urea. In winter, combine deep plowing with the application of various organic fertilizers to improve soil quality.
(B) **Shaping and Pruning:**
- **Juvenile Tree Shaping:** Typically, a natural open-center shape is preferred. After planting, prune the tree to 60–80 cm above the ground, selecting 3–4 branches as the main ones. When these branches reach 50–60 cm, they should be pruned back, ensuring cuts are made outward. With regular pruning, the tree structure will be well-formed.
- **Fruiting Tree Pruning:** Focus on shortening fruiting branches and managing the main branches. The goal is to encourage short fruiting branches and bouquet-like clusters. Adjust pruning based on tree age, vigor, and overall health. Long and medium fruiting branches longer than one meter should be cut back by about a third, while medium branches should be shortened by half. Short fruiting branches and bouquet-shaped branches should not be cut back, only dense branches removed. Dead, diseased, or pest-infested branches should be promptly pruned to improve light penetration, reduce nutrient waste, and prevent disease spread.
(C) **Diseases and Pest Control:**
Common diseases include gummosis, anthracnose, and black spot. Prevention includes controlling pests, avoiding wounds, and protecting trunks with whitewash in winter. Treatments may involve antiseptic agents like carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl.
Pests such as aphids, scale insects, and red-necked beetles can be managed through winter garden cleaning, burning infested branches, and applying insecticides like trichlorfon or imidacloprid during leaf development and flowering periods.
Overall, the U.S. Black Plum is a valuable fruit crop with great potential for commercial success, provided that proper care and management are applied throughout its growth cycle.