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Paddy rice
Anclylomia japonica, also known as the Japanese rice nest caterpillar, is a species belonging to the order Lepidoptera and the family Acrididae. It is commonly referred to as rice straw nest, Japanese rice nest oyster, or rice straw nest oyster. This pest is widely distributed across Asian rice-growing regions, where it poses a significant threat to rice crops.
The primary host of this insect is rice. The larvae are particularly damaging, as they feed inside cylindrical nests made of silk and plant debris. These nests are typically found in the middle and upper parts of rice leaves. The larvae feed within the nests, causing white spots on the leaves. As they grow, the larvae move their nests to the base of the rice plants, cutting off tender stems or leaves and dragging them into the nest. After feeding, they expel the remaining material, which can lead to severe damage to the rice plants. Affected plants often show yellowing stems and leaves, with a marked reduction in tillering and grain production.
Morphologically, adult Anclylomia japonica have a body length of 11–14 mm, with a wingspan of 25–35 mm. Their coloration is generally gray-yellow or white. Female moths tend to be slightly lighter, with a flat lower lip that is light brown and about twice the diameter of the compound eye. The antennae are serrated and brown. The forewings are brownish-brown, featuring silver-gray-brown wavy horizontal lines along the outer edges, as well as 5–10 short vertical stripes with indistinct markings. Scattered black spots are present along these lines, while a light yellow band appears along the lower side of the central chamber. The hind wings range from white to brown.
Male moths have flattened antennae with serrated edges. The eggs are approximately 1 mm long, chestnut-shaped, and light brown, with vertical ridges on the surface. The last instar larvae measure 16–26 mm in length, with a grayish-yellow to white coloration. Their heads and thoracic plates are dark brown, and they have five brown vertical lines along the back of the thorax and abdomen. Each segment has one pair of short spines, and the larvae are about 12 mm long, with a brownish-brown coloration.
In terms of life habits, Anclylomia japonica completes three generations per year in southern China. The final instar larvae overwinter in rice straw piles or weeds. Adults emerge in late April to early June, with subsequent generations appearing in late June to early August and late August to late October. During the day, adults hide in rice fields or among weeds, becoming active at night. They lay eggs on the rhizosphere or on the stems and leaves of rice plants, often grouping dozens of eggs together and covering them with fine hairs. The egg-laying period lasts 1–9 days, with each female laying between 100 and 700 eggs.
To prevent and control this pest, it is crucial to monitor rice fields for early signs of infestation. Treatment should be applied when the larvae are still in the early stages of development, ideally during the heading or milk stage of the rice crop. Integrated pest management strategies, including cultural practices and targeted pesticide applications, are recommended to minimize damage and ensure healthy rice yields.