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High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Spring Wheat
Wheat cultivation requires careful planning and execution at every stage, from soil preparation to final harvest. Proper site preparation is essential to ensure that seedlings can be planted in early spring. Before winter, wheat fields should be enriched with agricultural fertilizers, and the soil must be thoroughly tilled, fine, and free of weeds. This ensures a healthy environment for the seeds to germinate and grow.
For irrigated land, it's important to set up an efficient canal system that allows for even and convenient irrigation. The plot dimensions are usually around 1.2–1.3 meters in width and 20–40 meters in length, adjusted according to the topography and level of the field. Applying sufficient fertilizer is also crucial—using more than 3,000 kilograms of high-quality compost, followed by thorough mixing and bed-making.
Winter irrigation plays a key role in maintaining soil moisture. During the period from the beginning of winter to the small snow, each mu (a traditional Chinese unit of area) should receive about 80 cubic meters of water, ensuring that the upper soil layer has 17–18% moisture and the lower layer reaches 20%. This helps prepare the field for planting in the spring.
Selecting quality seeds is another critical step. For irrigated land, dwarf-resistant varieties are preferred, while drought-tolerant varieties are suitable for dry land. Seed selection involves wind, screening, or using saltwater (18–20%) to remove inferior seeds. After selection, the seeds are dried under the sun for 2–3 days to improve germination rates and reduce pests and diseases.
Sowing should occur during the optimal time, typically between March 10th and 25th, when the soil is thawed to a depth of 5 cm. Sowing too late, such as in April, may lead to poor yields. The seeding rate varies depending on the type of land: 400,000 to 450,000 seedlings per mu for irrigated land and about 350,000 for dry land, with approximately 20–22 kg of seeds per mu.
Improving sowing quality ensures proper plant density. The spacing should be 25–20 cm, and the sowing depth should be 3–4 cm. It’s important to avoid deep sowing and maintain straight furrows. Machine sowing should ensure even distribution, and after sowing, the soil should be compacted to promote strong seedling emergence.
Scientific fertilization is necessary throughout the growing season. If no fertilizer was applied during soil preparation, 1,000 kg of organic manure can be added at sowing time. Additional nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients should be applied based on the growth stage. Foliar sprays of dipotassium phosphate or urea can enhance leaf function, promote maturity, and increase grain weight.
Timely irrigation is vital, especially in arid regions where wheat is prone to drought. A typical irrigation schedule includes four to five applications, starting from the two-leaf stage, through jointing, booting, and grain filling. Each stage has specific irrigation needs, and care must be taken to avoid overwatering, which can lead to lodging.
Field management includes activities like thinning, pressing young plants to encourage tillering, and controlling weeds and pests. Chemical treatments and growth regulators like CCC can help prevent lodging in dense or weak crops. Drainage is also important before the grain-filling stage to prevent root damage due to waterlogging.
Harvesting should take place during the wax ripening stage, when the grains have reached maximum dry matter content and flour quality is optimal. Delayed harvesting can lead to nutrient loss and reduced yield. Harvesting during the rainy season requires prompt collection and threshing to avoid losses and ensure timely planting of subsequent crops.