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Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system fall into two categories: Viruses such as influenza, bacterial pneumonia and the new enterovirus respiratory virus that has been diagnosed in children; and chronic diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). According to Dr. Neal Chaisson, who practices pulmonary medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, there is not much that can be done for viral infections but to let them run their course. "Antibiotics are not effective in treating viruses and the best thing to do is just rest," he said.
COPD is the intersection of three related conditions - chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma and emphysema, Chaisson told Live Science. It is a progressive disease that makes it increasingly difficult for sufferers to breath.
Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the lung airways that causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath, according to Tonya Winders, president of the Allergy & Asthma Network. These signs and symptoms may be worse when a person is exposed to their triggers, which can include air pollution, tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold air, exercise, chemicals and medications.
Lung cancer is often associated with smoking, but the disease can affect non-smokers as well. Every year, about 16,000 to 24,000 Americans die of lung cancer, even though they have never smoked, according to the American Cancer Society. Like all cancers, lung cancer is caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
Planting mushroom management techniques
The cultivation of mushrooms has become a new and promising technique, pioneered by Hou Baocang, a large-scale edible mushroom grower in Miaohou Township, Wolong Town, Pingde County. After years of trial and error, he has successfully developed this method, which bridges the gap between summer and autumn in northern China. Unlike traditional methods, this technique does not produce fresh mushrooms immediately, but it holds significant potential for widespread adoption. Below are the detailed management techniques for growing shiitake mushrooms:
1. **Building the Sheds**: Depending on the scale of the operation, suitable fungus sheds should be constructed. For every 10,000 bags, approximately 120 square meters of space is required. The shed should be shaded to prevent excessive light exposure, as direct sunlight can hinder the growth of mycelium.
2. **Material Preparation**: For 10,000 bags, you will need 11 tons of wet sawdust, 3 cubic meters of fine sawdust, 2 tons of bran, 100 kg of sugar, and 100 kg of gypsum. All these materials must be combined properly to ensure a balanced nutrient mix.
3. **Bagging Process**: First, thoroughly mix the sawdust, bran, and gypsum. Dissolve the sugar in water and evenly distribute it over the mixture. The moisture content should be adjusted to around 65-70%, depending on the dryness of the sawdust. Then, load the mixture into 53 cm x 15.2 cm plastic bags using a bagging machine. Each bag should weigh between 1.8 and 1.9 kilograms, with consistent tightness to avoid issues like bag bursting or poor yield.
4. **Sterilization**: Sterilize the filled bags using a pressure cooker at normal atmospheric pressure. It is ideal to process 3,000 to 3,500 bags per batch. Steam the bags until they reach 100°C and maintain that temperature for 20 hours to eliminate harmful bacteria.
5. **Inoculation**: Once the bags have cooled below 25°C, they are ready for inoculation. Place them in a sterilized environment for 3–5 hours. Then, punch four small holes on the front of each bag, fill them with a fungal culture, and seal them with tape.
6. **Germination**: After inoculation, keep the bags at room temperature for two days, then raise the temperature to 18–25°C to encourage germination. Maintain cleanliness throughout the process. When the mycelium reaches about 10 cm, make additional punctures to allow oxygen in. Initially, the four holes are stacked into three to improve air circulation. A second oxygen release is done when the mycelium starts to grow outward. The number of puncture holes should be between 18 and 22. Keep the temperature below 28°C during this phase.
7. **Laying the Bags**: In June, move the matured bags to a small arch-shaped shed that has been prepared with fine sand to seal any gaps. Regular misting or manual watering is essential to prevent the bags from drying out. Water them 3–4 times daily, depending on weather conditions. The shade net in the shed should provide more than 90% coverage.
8. **Mushroom Management**: After 3–5 days of watering, mushroom buds will begin to appear. Remove any dense or deformed buds to promote healthy growth. Gradually reduce the frequency of watering as the mushrooms grow, to avoid affecting their quality. Keep the temperature in the shed below 25°C and harvest the mushrooms at least three times a day.
9. **Second Crop Management**: As the number of mushrooms decreases, increase the frequency of watering to maintain moisture. Perform sterilization if necessary. Once the second crop is harvested, gently shake the mushroom sticks using a soft rubber or foam tool to stimulate further growth. As the mushrooms continue to grow, the sticks may shrink and develop cracks. These should be filled with fine sand promptly to maintain optimal conditions.
This method, developed by Hou Baocang, offers a sustainable and efficient way to cultivate shiitake mushrooms, especially in regions where seasonal gaps in mushroom production exist. With proper care and attention, growers can achieve high yields and quality output.
*Fucheng Town, Wolong Township Government, Pingquan County, Chengde City, Li Guofeng, Li Zhucai*