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Using waste organic materials in conjunction with gold treasure (a metaphor for valuable resources) to produce biogas is an effective and sustainable way to manage organic waste. However, because these materials come from various sources and undergo different formation processes, their chemical composition and structure can vary significantly. This variation leads to differences in fermentation performance, which affects the efficiency of biogas production.
Based on the source of raw materials:
1. **Rural Fermentation Materials**
- **Nitrogen-Rich Materials**: These typically include human and animal excrement, as well as grass or other materials with a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The nitrogen content is high, often below 25:1, which falls within the ideal range for biogas fermentation. These materials have already been partially digested by animals, resulting in small particles rich in low-molecular compounds that are not fully absorbed. They also have a high moisture content, making them easy to break down anaerobically without pre-treatment. As a result, they produce gas quickly and have a short fermentation period.
- **Carbon-Rich Materials**: In rural areas, crop residues like straw and husks are commonly used. These materials are high in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and waxes, with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio exceeding 40:1. This makes them harder to decompose compared to nitrogen-rich materials, leading to slower gas production and longer fermentation periods. Additionally, these materials tend to float in the digester, forming a "dead zone" or floating layer. To improve efficiency, they usually require pretreatment before being fed into the system.
2. **Urban Organic Wastewater**: This includes human waste, domestic sewage, food waste, industrial organic wastewater, sludge, and residue. These materials are typically more complex and may contain higher concentrations of contaminants, requiring careful management during biogas production.
3. **Aquatic Plants**: Species such as water hyacinth, water spinach, and algae are rich in biomass and grow rapidly. Their tender tissues make them easy to digest anaerobically, resulting in fast gas production. However, many aquatic plants contain air pockets, causing them to float when directly added to the digester. To prevent this, it's recommended to dry them or let them sit for a couple of days before feeding them into the system.
Based on the form of the material:
1. **Solid Materials**: Examples include straw, urban organic waste, and other solid wastes. These have a high dry matter content and are typically used in dry fermentation or pit filling. In rural China, straw is often used as a primary material in hydraulic biogas digesters to supplement fecal material and extend gas production. However, these materials can lead to crusting and sedimentation, making it difficult to remove the slurry later.
2. **Pulp-Liquid Materials**: These include manure, livestock waste, and similar substances. They are often mixed with water to form a slurry, with a dry matter content of around 10–20%. These materials are versatile and can be used in both dry and wet fermentation systems. Sewage sludge also falls into this category.
3. **Organic Wastewater**: This includes distillery effluent, yeast plant wastewater, pharmaceutical wastewater, soy processing wastewater, and pulp slurry. These liquids contain significant amounts of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, making them excellent substrates for biogas production. They are easily broken down by anaerobic microorganisms and can be efficiently processed in high-performance anaerobic digesters.
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