First, nursery selection and planning (I) Nursery Selection The choice of a suitable nursery site is crucial for successful hazelnut cultivation. It should be based on local conditions, with proper adjustments made to the land. Key factors to consider include: 1. Topography Choose a location that is sheltered from strong winds and receives ample sunlight. The area should be flat or have a gentle slope, avoiding steep terrain. The groundwater level should be below 1.5 meters. If it's too high, drainage systems must be installed. Fertile soil is ideal, but careful water and fertilizer management is needed during the seedling stage to promote healthy growth. 2. Soil Fertile sandy loam is the best soil type for growing hazelnuts. It has good aeration and supports microbial activity, which helps in seed germination and seedling development. Heavy clay, sandy, or saline soils are unsuitable without prior improvement. In such cases, adding sand, organic matter, and other amendments can enhance soil quality before planting. 3. Water Source A reliable water supply is essential for irrigation. Rivers, reservoirs, or wells are ideal sources. Hazelnut seedlings require consistent moisture, as they have shallow roots and low drought tolerance. However, excessive water can lead to root rot, so proper drainage is also important. 4. Accessibility Easy access for transportation is necessary for moving materials into and out of the nursery. This improves efficiency and reduces costs. (II) Nursery Planning Once the site is selected, the total area should be determined based on production needs. A topographic map is created, followed by detailed planning according to technical guidelines. 1. Division of Areas The nursery is divided into operational units, typically rectangular plots for easier mechanization. The size of each plot depends on the overall layout and should be designed to facilitate road and irrigation system integration. Flat areas are larger, while sloped areas are smaller. 2. Road System Main roads run through the center of the nursery, connecting to buildings and external routes. They should be wide enough (5-6 meters) to accommodate large machinery. Secondary roads (3-4 meters) serve smaller vehicles, and working paths (2 meters) allow for small equipment use. 3. Irrigation and Drainage Irrigation systems are placed along one side of the roads, while drainage channels are on the opposite side. Modern systems like drip and sprinkler irrigation are effective for hazelnut nurseries. Drainage should follow the natural slope, with a gradient of 0.3% to 0.5% to ensure quick runoff. 4. Nursery Facilities Include offices, storage areas, greenhouses, and workshops. These should be located near main roads and work zones for easy access and operation. (III) Nursery Design A well-planned layout is essential for efficient operations. The nursery should include a mother garden for propagation material, open fields for seedling production, and conservation areas for grafting and cutting techniques. Second, Cultivation of Self-rooted Seedlings (A) Understanding Self-rooted Seedlings Self-rooted seedlings are produced from cuttings or layering and are widely used in commercial hazelnut farming. They maintain the genetic traits of the parent plant and produce early results. These seedlings are commonly used in countries like Turkey, Italy, and the U.S. (B) Types of Self-rooted Seedlings These include green cuttings, hardwood cuttings, and tissue culture. Green cuttings are most common due to their high success rate. Tissue culture is still under development in China, though it has been successfully implemented in the U.S. and Europe. (C) Layering Techniques Layering involves bending branches to encourage root formation. Methods include upright layering, horizontal layering, and arching. Each technique requires specific timing and care to ensure successful rooting. (D) Cuttings and Propagation Green cuttings are preferred for their high survival rate. They require controlled environments, including temperature, humidity, and light. Proper preparation of the cutting bed, application of auxins, and regular misting are critical for root development. Fourth, Seedling Raising and Storage (A) Seedling Raising Seedlings should be raised in the fall, allowing them time to develop before transplanting. Careful handling is required to avoid damaging the roots. Different types of seedlings (grafted, cuttings, etc.) may need different lifting techniques. (B) Seedling Classification Seedlings are graded based on size, root development, and quality. High-quality seedlings meet specific standards, such as a stem diameter of at least 0.5 cm and a minimum number of lignified roots. Poor-quality seedlings are kept in the nursery for further growth. (C) Seedling Storage Proper storage is vital for maintaining seedling viability during dormancy. Methods include trench storage, underground cellars, and air-conditioned storage. Each method ensures the seedlings remain moist and at the right temperature. (D) Packaging and Transportation Seedlings must be protected during transport to prevent dehydration. They are packed in plastic bags with wet sawdust or water-retaining agents. For long-distance transport, trucks are equipped with humidifiers and covered with plastic sheets to maintain moisture levels. Stainless Steel Wet Chemica Fire Extinguishe Stainless Steel Wet Chemica Fire Extinguishe,Red Stainless Steel Wet-Chemica Fire Extinguishe,9L Stainless Steel Wet-Chemica Fire Extinguishe,Stainless Steel Wet-Chemica Fire Extinguishe JIANGSU NEW FIRE FIGHTING TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD , https://www.newayfire.com