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Using waste organic materials as a raw source to produce biogas is an efficient and environmentally friendly way to manage organic waste. However, due to the diverse origins and formation processes of these materials, their chemical compositions and structures can vary significantly, which affects their fermentation performance. Understanding these differences helps optimize biogas production and improve efficiency.
Based on the source of raw materials:
1. **Rural Fermentation Materials**
- **Nitrogen-rich materials**: These include human and animal excreta, as well as some plant-based materials with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. They typically have a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio below 25:1, which is ideal for biogas production. Since these materials are already partially broken down by digestion, they don’t require much pretreatment. They decompose quickly under anaerobic conditions, leading to fast gas production and shorter fermentation periods.
- **Carbon-rich materials**: Common in rural areas, these include crop residues like straw, husks, and shells. They are high in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, making them harder to break down. Their carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is usually above 40:1, which is not optimal for biogas. These materials take longer to ferment and may float in the digester, forming dead zones. To improve efficiency, they often need pretreatment such as chopping or mixing before use.
2. **Urban Organic Wastewater**: This includes human waste, domestic sewage, food scraps, industrial organic wastewater, sludge, and other similar materials. These are typically liquid or semi-liquid and are commonly processed in centralized systems.
3. **Aquatic Plants**: Examples include water hyacinth, water lettuce, and algae. These plants grow rapidly and have high biomass, making them suitable for biogas. However, they contain air pockets that make them float easily. It's recommended to dry them slightly or let them sit for a day before feeding them into the digester to prevent floating issues.
Based on the form of raw materials:
1. **Solid Materials**: Such as straw, crop residues, and urban organic waste. These have high dry matter content and are typically used in dry fermentation or pit filling. In China, straw is often used alongside manure in hydraulic digesters to extend gas production periods. However, solid materials can cause crusting or sedimentation in the digester, making it harder to remove the residue.
2. **Pulp-Liquid Materials**: These include manure, livestock waste, and slurry from cleaning processes. Fresh manure has around 20% dry matter, while diluted slurry has about 10%. These materials are versatile and can be mixed with solids or used alone in rural biogas systems. Sewage sludge also falls into this category.
3. **Organic Wastewater**: Includes distillery effluent, brewery waste, soy processing wastewater, and others. These are rich in proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, making them excellent for biogas production. They are easily broken down by anaerobic bacteria and can be efficiently treated in high-performance digesters.
By understanding the characteristics of different raw materials, we can better tailor biogas systems to maximize output and sustainability.
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