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River Bream Pond Culture
Hemorrhoids, commonly known as river raft fish, are widely found in cold temperate regions across Europe and northern Asia. However, they are only naturally present in the Irtysh and Wulun River basins in Xinjiang, China. This species is highly valued for its tender and delicious flesh, making it one of the key economic fish in cold and temperate regions of northern Europe and Asia. To boost farmers' income and diversify farming structures, an experimental project was conducted from 2005 to 2006, focusing on introducing river rafts and pond aquaculture. The results were impressive, with an average net profit of 6,000 yuan per 667 square meters (1 acre). Below are the main technical methods used in this project.
The river raft fish, also known as Wudaohe, is a morphopod belonging to the genus *Hemorrhoides*. It is named for the five wide stripes that run across its body. These fish prefer deep, clear waters with aquatic vegetation. They can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, from 0°C to 35°C, but grow best between 15°C and 25°C. In pond culture, they tend to inhabit the middle and lower layers of water, favoring calm environments with clean sand or mud. The water must have a dissolved oxygen level above 1.5 mg/L. These fish are carnivorous, feeding mainly on small fish and zooplankton. Juveniles feed on plankton, while larger individuals may even exhibit cannibalistic behavior if food is scarce.
For optimal pond conditions, the pools should be 4 meters deep, with a flat bottom, minimal silt, good water retention, and efficient drainage. Drainage outlets are larger than standard to allow quick water release during hot seasons. Each pond is equipped with a 3-kilowatt aerator and a 20-cm submersible pump to maintain water quality.
Key technical measures include:
1. **Preparation**: Two weeks before stocking, the ponds are dried and treated with slaked lime at a rate of 60 kg per 667 square meters. After 6–7 days, fresh water is added to a depth of 1 meter, and 400 kg of fermented chicken manure is applied per 667 square meters to enrich the water. Water plants like water peanuts and water hyacinths are also planted around the pond to improve the environment.
2. **Feeding**: During the first year, wild-caught fish are chopped into paste and fed 3 times daily. After one month, the fish are trained to feed at designated stations. In later stages, bait is disinfected using a 20 mg/l potassium permanganate solution or a 5% salt solution for 5–10 minutes before feeding. As the fish grow, direct feeding is introduced, with each feeding session lasting no more than an hour. Feed amounts are about 2% of the eel’s body weight. Feeding should be patient and repeated until the fish stop fighting for food. Morning and afternoon feedings depend on the fish’s activity and weather.
3. **Water Temperature Control**: Since these are cold-water fish, maintaining the right temperature is crucial. In early stages, fresh water is added weekly, 20–25 cm each time. During hot periods, the water level is kept above 3.5 meters, and water is refreshed for about 6 hours daily to keep the temperature below 25°C. Aerator use is recommended for 1–2 hours daily to ensure proper oxygenation.
4. **Disease Prevention**: Regular disinfection of the pond with lime and chlorine dioxide every 15–20 days is essential. Live bait must be fresh and properly disinfected. If any signs of disease appear, chlorine dioxide can be applied at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Maintaining clean water and healthy feeding practices are critical for disease control.
5. **Daily Management**: Monitor fish behavior and water clarity, keeping the transparency around 30 cm. During hot weather, add fresh water and use aerators. Address any issues promptly and avoid contamination by pesticides or harmful chemicals. Juveniles are particularly sensitive—even small amounts of pesticides can kill them. Regular disinfection with lime and chlorine-based solutions helps prevent disease outbreaks.
By following these detailed techniques, farmers can successfully raise hemorrhoid fish in controlled environments, ensuring both high yields and quality.