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River Bream Pond Culture
Hemorrhoids, commonly known as river raft fish, are widely found in cold temperate regions across Europe and northern Asia. However, they are only naturally present in the Irtysh and Wulun river basins in Xinjiang, China. These fish are prized for their tender and delicious flesh, making them an important economic species in cold and temperate regions of northern Europe and Asia. To boost farmers' income and diversify farming structures, experimental studies on the introduction of river rafts and pond aquaculture were conducted from 2005 to 2006. The results were impressive, with an average net profit of 6,000 yuan per 667 square meters (1 acre). Below are the main technical measures that contributed to this success.
The river raft fish, scientifically known as *Hemorrhoides*, is a morphopod genus, often referred to as "Wudaohe" due to its five prominent stripes running along its body. They prefer deep, clear waters with abundant aquatic vegetation. The ideal water temperature for growth ranges between 15°C and 25°C, although they can tolerate temperatures from 0°C to 35°C. In pond culture, these fish thrive in calm environments with clean sand or mud substrates, typically inhabiting the middle and lower layers of the water. They require a dissolved oxygen level of at least 1.5 mg/L. These fish are carnivorous, feeding mainly on small fish and zooplankton. Young individuals feed on plankton, while larger ones may even exhibit cannibalistic behavior when food is scarce.
For successful aquaculture, ponds should be 4 meters deep with flat bottoms, minimal silt, and good water retention. Drainage systems must be efficient, with larger outlets for quick water release. Each pond is equipped with a 3-kilowatt aerator and a 20-cm submersible pump to maintain water quality.
Key technical measures include:
1. **Preparation**: Two weeks before stocking, the pond is treated with lime slurry at a rate of 60 kg per 667 square meters. After 6–7 days, fresh water is added to a depth of 1 meter, and 400 kg of fermented chicken manure is introduced to enrich the water. Water plants like water peanuts and water hyacinths are also planted around the pond.
2. **Feeding**: During the first year, wild-caught fish are chopped into paste and placed around the pond, fed three times daily. After one month, fish are transitioned to a feeding station. Wild fish purchased from the market are disinfected using a 20 mg/l potassium permanganate solution or a 5% salt solution before being fed. As the fish grow, direct feeding is introduced, with food amounts adjusted based on the fish's weight (about 2% of their body weight). Feeding should be done patiently, ensuring all fish have access without competition.
3. **Water Temperature Control**: Maintaining optimal water temperature is critical. In early stages, fresh water is added weekly, 20–25 cm each time. During hot seasons, water levels are kept above 3.5 meters, with daily water circulation for about 6 hours to keep temperatures below 25°C. Aerator use is recommended for 1–2 hours daily.
4. **Disease Prevention**: Regular disinfection with lime and chlorine dioxide is essential. Fresh, live bait should always be used, and all food must be properly sterilized. If signs of disease appear, chlorine dioxide can be applied at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Strict attention to water quality and hygiene is crucial.
5. **Daily Management**: Monitor fish behavior and water clarity, keeping it around 30 cm. Add fresh water during hot weather and use aerators as needed. Prevent any harmful substances or pesticides from entering the pond, as juveniles are highly sensitive. Timely disinfection with lime and chlorinated water helps prevent diseases effectively.
These practices have proven effective in enhancing productivity and ensuring the health of the fish, making river raft aquaculture a viable and profitable option for farmers.