(1) Carefully selecting beneficial bacterial strains is crucial after identifying the suitable varieties for production. Ensuring that the selected strains are free from contamination is the most fundamental requirement for high-quality cultures. High-quality strains can be identified through visual inspection and culture testing. A thick, healthy mycelium with a distinct, pleasant aroma upon opening the bag is a strong indicator of quality. If possible, samples should also be tested in a controlled environment, and hyphal viability should be assessed to confirm their health and potential. (2) When processing the bags, it's essential to use polypropylene plastic bags that are uniformly thick, free from defects, and have good elasticity. These bags must withstand high temperatures and pressure. The culture medium should not be overly wet; the water-to-substrate ratio should be maintained between 1:1.1 and 1:1.2. The material should be packed evenly and tightly, ensuring consistency across all layers. Both ends of the bag must be securely sealed using flame to prevent contamination. During hot seasons, a 1:800 dilution of carbendazim solution can be used to mix into the material to control microbial growth effectively. (3) Sterilization under atmospheric pressure requires maintaining a stable temperature of 100°C for at least 8 hours. When placing the bacterial bags in the sterilizer, there should be space between them to ensure even steam distribution and uniform heating. Avoid cooling the bags by adding water or adjusting the fire during the process. The entire procedure, from preparation to sterilization, should be completed within 8 hours. Moreover, the time from starting the sterilization process until reaching 100°C should not exceed 5 hours to prevent degradation of the substrate. (4) Maintaining cleanliness and purifying the air is one of the most effective ways to reduce bacterial contamination. Areas such as the bottling room, sterilization area, cooling zone, and inoculation chamber must be cleaned daily. After heavy rain, a thorough cleaning should be conducted. Regular disinfection with 0.2% soapy water, 3-4% mineral carbonic acid, 5% formaldehyde, 1:500 diluted carbendazim solution, or 5-20% lime water should be applied to both the air and floors. Waste and pollutants must be burned or submerged promptly to avoid environmental and air pollution. (5) Strict aseptic procedures are essential. The inoculation room must be thoroughly disinfected before use. Strains should be handled carefully before inoculation. During the process, all tools must be flame-sterilized, and the strain bottles should be sealed with an alcohol lamp. Inoculation should be done without unnecessary movement or talking, and waste should be removed immediately to maintain a clean and sterile environment. (6) Proper timing of inoculation is critical. It should be scheduled based on the optimal temperature conditions for mycelial growth and fruiting body development. Inoculating too early or during excessively hot summer months increases contamination risk and hinders mycelial growth. Delaying inoculation may reduce contamination but shortens the growing period, affecting yield. Ideally, inoculation should occur when the average daily temperature stabilizes around 25°C. During high summer temperatures, it’s best to conduct inoculation between midnight and early morning. (7) Environmental factors play a significant role in bacterial growth. Controlling ventilation, temperature, and humidity is essential to create conditions favorable for mushroom growth while discouraging bacterial proliferation. A well-managed environment enhances mycelial vigor and resistance, reducing the likelihood of contamination. Therefore, maintaining ideal conditions for L. edodes growth is a key preventive measure in daily management. (8) If mold appears before the mycelium has fully healed, close doors and windows, ventilate periodically, remove the cover, and apply mold control measures. If individual blocks show mold, do not rush to treat them. Instead, increase the frequency of membrane tilting and improve ventilation and dehumidification in the cultivation room to help the mycelium recover. (9) For mold on the surface of the blocks or bacterial barrels that haven't been colonized yet, washing with lime water (pH 8–10) can change the pH and inhibit further mold growth. If the mold is severe and has penetrated the material, the affected areas should be removed and replaced with new culture. Severely infected blocks can be taken outside, rinsed with water, dried for 2–3 days, and then sprayed with 0.5% peroxyacetic acid for effective control. (10) Regular inspection is vital, especially in warm seasons. Bacterial bags should not be too densely packed to avoid overheating and damage to the mycelium, which can reduce yield. After 5–6 days of germination, each bag should be checked individually. Any contaminated bags should be removed immediately. For lightly contaminated bags, 20% formaldehyde, 5% lithocarbonic acid, or 95% alcohol can be injected into the affected area and covered with sterile tape. For heavily contaminated bags with Penicillium or Trichoderma, additional substrate can be added, and the bag can be re-inoculated. Mycobacterium acremonium-infected bags should be buried promptly. To prevent rodent infestations, contaminated waste should not be discarded carelessly to avoid repeated infections. (11) Common pests in shiitake bag cultivation include crickets and nematodes. During the incubation phase, cockroaches are the main threat, while nematodes become more prevalent later. Pests in the cultivation area can be controlled using safe and effective pesticides, such as 1:1200 to 1:1500 dilutions of specialized insecticides, 1:50 insecticide emulsion, or 1:500 marathon emulsion, which have shown good results in preventing nematode infestations.

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