Pathogen
The pathogen responsible for this disease is *Chlamydia psittaci*, a bacterium commonly found in birds. This organism is not very resistant to heat and can be effectively inactivated at 55°C within 5 minutes or at 37°C after 48 hours. It has a limited survival time under direct sunlight, lasting up to 6 days, and can remain viable in water for as long as 17 days. While it is less sensitive to acidic or alkaline environments, it is easily destroyed by quaternary ammonium compounds and lipid solvents. Common disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride, iodine solutions, 70% alcohol, and 3% hydrogen peroxide can quickly reduce its infectivity when used properly.
Epidemiology
*Chlamydia psittaci* primarily affects various bird species, with parrots and pigeons being particularly susceptible. Infected birds and asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of infection. The disease spreads through contaminated dust, respiratory droplets, or direct contact with secretions from the eyes or nose. Insects like cockroaches, which may carry the bacteria, can also contribute to transmission. Importantly, humans can become infected too, so proper hygiene and protective measures are essential when handling birds or cleaning their living areas.
Symptoms
The clinical signs of *Chlamydia psittaci* infection vary depending on the strain and the bird’s immune status. In parrots, symptoms may include lethargy, loss of appetite, purulent discharge from the eyes and nostrils, diarrhea, and progressive weight loss and dehydration. Pigeons often show similar signs, such as restlessness, eye and nasal discharge, anorexia, and diarrhea. Although many older pigeons may recover, they often become long-term carriers of the bacterium.
Prevention
1. **Control the source of infection**: Before introducing new birds into an existing group, it's important to check if there have been any cases of chlamydiosis in the area. New birds should be quarantined for at least two weeks and observed for any signs of illness before joining the flock.
2. **Maintain cleanliness**: Proper disposal of feces, feathers, and litter is crucial. All cage equipment must be thoroughly disinfected, and measures should be taken to eliminate blood-sucking insects that could spread the disease.
3. **Medication**: Tetracycline antibiotics, including chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin, are effective treatments. However, chloramphenicol should be avoided due to its potential toxicity. The recommended dosage is 2–4 grams per kilogram of feed. Note that these medications may not work well for latent infections, and treatment should be conducted under strict isolation conditions. If the number of infected birds is small, culling may be considered.
4. **Supplements**: Feeding "Bird Music" for 5–7 days at a dose of 1 gram per day can support recovery. Additionally, using "Enhanced" No. 6 capsules may help improve the bird’s overall health during treatment.
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