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The ginseng is full of treasures. Ginseng stems and leaves can be used to extract saponins and make ginseng capsules. Ginseng leaves can be used to make ginseng tea. It has stimulant effects when drinking, and it can revitalize the brain. Ginseng flowers are rare medicinal materials and tonics. Flower tea and ginseng crystals made from ginseng flowers are advanced nutrition products. The ginseng is made from ginseng flowers and white sugar as raw materials. Seeds of remaining pulp can be made into ginseng juice, ginseng juice granules and ginseng juice cream, and ginseng fruit dew wine and ginseng saponin can also be brewed. In the process of human participation, many by-products such as ginseng oil, ginseng decoction, and ginseng paste can be obtained, which have high economic value. Using ginseng dew can be made into a variety of cosmetics and supplements, such as ginseng snow cream, ginseng skin cream, ginseng night cream, ginseng wine and so on. The high economic benefit of the ginseng is, according to the survey, the simple greenhouse ginseng is harvested once every three years. The highest yield of fresh ginseng per square metre is 3kg, worth 80 yuan; 0.35kg of ginseng seeds per 4-5 years old, worth more than 20 yuan, totaling 100 yuan. About a few times higher than corn and high grain.
Ginseng was originally found in China's northeast, North Korea, South Korea, Russia's Far East, and Japan's original jungle, with China's most productive output. With the destruction of forests, the resources of wild ginseng have become less and less. Now it is rare, and it is listed by China as a protected plant and it is not allowed to excavate. Now it is mainly cultivated ginseng, called "Ginseng". The main producing areas are Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning Provinces. Hebei and Shanxi Provinces also have a small amount of cultivation. Changbai Mountain ginseng has a long history, and Heilongjiang iron ginseng is most famous for being pollution-free and pure green.
1. Requirements for growing environmental conditions: Ginseng is a kind of cool, moist, and shade-tolerant medicinal plant. It is both afraid of water accumulation and resistant to drought. It avoids direct light and has strict environmental conditions.
(1) Soil: The ginseng's requirement for soil is sandy soil with rich humus, deep soil, loose texture, strong water permeability and good drainage. Forest humus soil is the best, neutral or slightly acidic soil is better, but alkali Sexual soil should not be planted.
(2) Moisture: Ginseng has relatively strict water requirements, and it is both water-loving and fearful. Excessive water content, when the soil moisture content exceeds 60%, will cause insufficient air in the soil, which will cause the ginseng roots to be affected by the respiration and be easily infected with diseases and rot. If the moisture content is too low, when the soil moisture content is less than 30%, the moisture of the ginseng root system will be diffused, causing the ginseng roots to dry out and the yield to decrease. The development of ginseng requires suitable soil moisture. The soil moisture during the spring season is maintained at about 40%, the summer growth period is maintained at 45% to 50%, and the fall season is maintained at 40% to 50%. The annual humidity during development and development ranges from 40 to 40. %?50% is good.
(3) Light: Ginseng is a hi-vegetal plant that prefers to scatter low light and is afraid of direct sunlight. The light is too strong, the plants are short, and the leaves are thick and yellow in color. The light was too weak, the plants were tall and thin, and the leaves were thin and dark green, and the growth was abnormal. Therefore, in the cultivation of ginseng, shading should be carried out to adjust the light transmittance, avoid direct light, use scattered light and refract light.
(4) Temperature: Ginseng is resistant to heat and cold. During the growth and development of ginseng, the average temperature is 15 to 20°C. When the temperature is higher than 30°C or lower than 10°C, ginseng is in a dormant state. It is also safe to winter in winter at 40°C. Ginseng renewal buds can germinate at temperatures above 10°C in the spring, but they are most afraid of the “frozen chill†in early spring (ie, the temperature fluctuates, and the phenomenon of freezing on the ground surface), which can easily cause frost damage and root destruction (“ Burst belly"). Seedling after sowing requires a temperature above 10°C. The requirement for 1-2 years of birth is stable above 12°C. The optimum temperature during the growing season is 20-25°C. Under the hot sun above 36°C, the leaves are scorched; below 6°C. Stems will lose their growth function.
(5) Fertilizer: Ginseng is fertilizer, and it is feared that it will not be cooked. Hi organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. The fear is that unfermented manure is applied and the soil lacks moisture after fertilization, causing ginseng to rot.
2. The main cultivated varieties of the cultivated varieties are Damaya, Ermaya, Round-bristled round reeds and line reeds. Its characteristics are as follows: Big horse teeth have thick and short main roots, fast growth, strong disease resistance, and high yield. The main root of the two horse teeth is slender, and the yield is slightly lower than that of the Malaysian teeth. Round-round round reeds and line reeds are plump and beautiful.
3, cultivation techniques
3.1 Selection of sites for site selection: Choose eucalyptus, eucalyptus, birch or other broad-leaved forests or hardwood mixed forests, shrubs for planting ginseng, old ginseng or wasteland can also be reclaimed. The soil should be well-drained, rich in humus, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Forest ashing soil, live loess and granite weathering soil are preferred, and lime-foam soil and alkaline soil should not be used for planting. The mountains should be sunny, with a gradient of 10 to 35 degrees.
Clean up the site: Cut down the miscellaneous trees before and after the fall, shave the roots, cut the weeds, and pick out the shade materials. Branches, fireweed, and dried grass are burned with fire. Some of the bacteria and eggs can be burned and potassium and phosphate fertilizers can be added.
Site Preparation: Fill the tree pit with soil and lift the humus layer in the direction of the raft. Afterwards, the soil was picked up and pests such as stones, tree roots, and golden worms were picked out, and the land was turned a second time. The roots must be cleaned. When the land was turned to the ground, it was ready for planting. However, it is better to turn the land before the ginseng for one year to let the soil idle for one year; or to plow the land in the late spring and early summer, and then carry out meticulous land preparation.
Soil disinfection: Soil disinfection was performed with 50% of diureticin 7g per square meter before sowing.
畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦 畦. The height is 15 to 33cm, and the width is 1.2 to 1.8m. The length depends on the terrain and is generally 20 to 50m. Leave a 2.7m track for daytime operation and ventilation. Slightly higher in the middle of the surface, slightly lower on both sides. At the same time, dig drains and outlets. Ditch depth and Loudi level, depending on the amount of rainfall
3.1.1 Pregerminating outdoor germination method: Select a place with a sunny leeward and well-drained area. Dig 22cm deep flat earth pits. Embed wood board. After digging the drainage ditch, soak the dry seeds in room temperature water for 24 to 48 hours, remove them, and water them in proper amount. Mix well with 2 to 3 times of river sand, pour into the pit to cover 15cm thick soil, such as tile-shaped backs, Cover with a curtain of curtains or a shade shed to prevent exposure and rain showers. The temperature is controlled at 20-25°C. Mix once every half month and add water as appropriate. After 2 to 3 months, the seed is split and planted.
Indoor germination method: The treatment method is almost the same as the outdoor germination method. The difference is that the seeds are placed in a bottomed wooden box for easy handling. After about two months, the seeds can be sown that they can be sown.
3.1.2 Spring sowing time: Seeds of primed seeds are sown from mid-April to early May.
Summer sowing: Seeds harvested or stored in July and August. Dried seeds were soaked with fresh water for 24 hours before sowing.
Autumn sowing: Seed germination before sowing in September.
3.1.3 sowing method sowing: about 4cm deep ditch, the seeds are evenly spread, filled with fine soil, use 20-25g per square meter.
Drilling: Ditch the trenches horizontally in the surface of the plant, sowing 6cm, broadcasting distance 10~14cm, earth covering 3~4cm, 20~25g per square meter.
On-demand: According to the spacing of 3cm3cm or 5cm5cm, dig a hole, 1~2 seeds per hole, 4cm earth covering, 15~20g per square meter. After sowing, lightly suppress with wooden board. Summer and autumn on-demand should cover corn stalks or straw, and then press 10-15cm of soil.
3.1.4 Transplanting mostly uses 2 years of transplanting or 3 years transplanting, 5-6 years of harvest.
Transplanting time: from early October to before freezing. The specific time is based on the climatic conditions of each region. After thawing in the spring, the buds have been transplanted without germination.
The method of lifting seedlings: selecting strong seedlings without pests and diseases after lifting, divided into large, medium, and small transplants. Transplanting methods can be planted flat or oblique planting, oblique planting is about 30 to 45 degrees seedling planted in soil. Plant spacing and depth of cover, depending on the years of transplanting, the size of the seedlings, and the fertility of the soil.
3.2 Field Management
(1) Withdraw from the cold soil: After thawing, when the winter buds sprout, remove the cold-resistant grass and the cover soil above it, and then use a hoe or two-tooth rake to loosen the topsoil, push the flat-slide, and do not touch the roots and buds.
(2) Set up arbors: Make sure that there are arbors before emergence. The height of the arbours should be based on the size of the plant. 1 to 3 year-old seedlings, the upper part of the upper column is 80-100cm, the posterior column is 70-80cm; the 4-6th years, the front column is 100-110cm, the posterior column is 80-90cm, the other 50cm Into the soil. The difference between the front and rear squats is about 30cm, which makes the roof form a certain slope. The shelter must be firm and the wind blows. When the seedlings reach 2/3, we must cover the arbours, that is, cover the grass curtains and reed curtains on the roof, so that the awnings can achieve appropriate light transmittance.
(3) Picking buds: In order to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the accumulation of more effective components in the roots, all buds should be removed in time. The buds are shipped back for processing.
(4) Loosening weeding: Weeding soil every year 3 to 4 times. The first time with the removal of cold grass.
(5) Earthing: The ginseng is strong to the south, and the plants on the side of the plant grow outwards, stretch out from the arbours, and are exposed to the sun and rain. This can easily cause disease and even death. Therefore, it should be pushed back into the shade and compacted.
(6) Drought prevention and drainage: The ginseng is afraid of drought and fears of paralysis. Therefore, timely drainage should be based on rainfall and soil moisture. During drought, sooner or later use a watering can to sprinkling water on the surface, or ditch irrigation, and pour it into the soil to form a mass and sprinkle it. Spring water shortage affects the whole year's growth and development, and autumn drought also affects the roots to accumulate nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out spring irrigation in a timely manner and carry out conservation. During the rainy season, we must drain water in a timely manner to prevent rainwater from accumulating and polluting, resulting in excessive soil moisture and poor ventilation.
(7) Fertilization: After the emergence of the seedlings in early May, combine the loose soil to apply sufficient manure, such as manure and cave soil, with 2.5 to 4 kg per square meter, covering the soil. In case of drought, watering should be done in time to prevent burning of slush roots. Can also be top-dressing 2% of phosphate fertilizer: Use superphosphate 1kg, add water 5kg, infiltrate the bubble for 24 hours, filter out the sediment, and then add 45 to 50kg of water. In the early morning or evening of June and August, the sprayed fertilizer is used to spray the formulated fertilizer on the leaf surface, spraying 2-3 times a year.
(8) Winter protection: Before freezing, cover the grass and press the soil. In the spring, the temperature is suddenly reduced. However, if the seedlings have not yet been exhumed, they should also be covered with grass and cold. Around the reference site, especially the wind block, wind barriers should also be erected. In addition, it is necessary to remove the snow water in time so as not to invade the roots and cause the rot to die.
4. Pest control
4.1 Major diseases and prevention
4.1.1 Bacterial blight prevention and control methods: strengthen field management, diligently loosen soil, increase the soil temperature of the reference bed; in the early stage of disease, the diseased plants shall be removed in time and burned in a concentrated manner;
4.1.2 Control methods for black spot disease: remove diseased leaves, remove diseased plants, and eliminate them in a concentrated manner; hang curtains in due course after summer, adjust sunlight and reduce disease; select disease-free seeds; use 800 times 50% piroxigenin; The liquid is sprayed on the leaf surface, or 500 times with Zinc Zinc WP, sprayed once every 7 days.
The above drugs should be used alternately to prevent the germs from developing drug resistance. Rainy days shorten the spraying interval. If there is rain after spraying, the rain stops before spraying. High temperature and drought should not be sprayed Bordeaux multi-solution.
4.1.3 Epidemic prevention and control methods are treated with 800-1000 times of Daisen ammonium. Rainy days increase spray times appropriately.
4.1.4 Erythroderma
(1) Also known as rust, it mainly damages the ginseng root bark.
(2) Disease: Sensitive ginseng, root bark becomes yellow-brown, thickened and hardened epidermis, lighter ones can gradually recover, severe skin has cracks, roots must die, stems and leaves wilting, and roots rot.
(3) Control methods Mix up live loess under black soil, or mix 1/4 or 1/3 live loess in black humus soil; make high beds in low-lying areas, pay attention to drainage; use loose soil, use pesticides Prevention and control, when transplanted with red Piling soaking, the control effect of more than 98%.
Ginseng cultivation techniques (1)
Ginseng is also known as stick hammer, god grass, yellow ginseng, goblin, and other children. With the destruction of forests, wild ginseng resources have also been severely damaged. Artificial ginseng has a history of more than 300 years and has developed rapidly in recent years. Ginseng is a very important valuable Chinese herbal medicine. It is a treasure that has a lot of economic value. Ginseng is a perennial herbaceous root, yellow or white root, fleshy, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, available for medicinal use. Known as the “King of Herbsâ€, it has the functions of nourishing vital energy, solidifying fluid, promoting sedativeness and so on. It is used to treat deficient work-related injuries, chronic illness, qi deficiency, neurasthenia, impotence, anemia and all qi and blood deficiency.