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A large number of studies have shown that fish ingestion of microecological agents can not only change the intestinal microflora of fish (ie, the harmful bacteria are inhibited and increase the number of beneficial bacteria), but also stimulate the local immune response of the intestine and improve the body. Antibody levels and phagocytic activity enhance immune function and increase resistance to disease.
Huang Yongchun et al. showed in the study [1] that: (1) Various effective microorganisms in EM not only contain more excellent proteins, but also have many types of amino acids, and are rich in vitamins, which improves the quality of the original feed. (2) The EM that enters the fish with the feed improves the micro-ecological environment of the organism, promotes the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of the fish, so that the fish show a better physiological state—the blood index is obviously improved, Oxygen consumption rate is decreased, so that it has high resistance (such as disease resistance, anti-hypoxia, etc.), and has a faster growth rate. In addition, the reduction of the oxygen consumption rate not only improves the fish's adaptability to the environment, but also facilitates the assimilation and rational use of energy, thereby achieving the purpose of promoting growth.
Due to these excellent characteristics of microecological preparations, it has been widely used as a feed additive in the aquaculture industry. There are 43 kinds of microorganisms approved by the FDA for direct feeding. The Ministry of Agriculture of China announced Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecalis, Pediococcus acidi, Bacillus subtilis, and Natto in June 1999. Twelve species such as Bacillus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus lactis, Brewer's yeast, Candida utilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris are feed-grade microbial additives that can be directly fed to animals. In addition, new strains have been reported at home and abroad, such as Bacillus circulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus megaterium, Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacillus sp., Bdellovibrio, etc. [2].
The addition of microecological preparations is not as good as possible. When the concentration of Lactobacillus in the diet exceeds 2107 bacterial colonies/kg feed, the growth of turbot is not beneficial [3].
1 Causes of fish diseases Fish is the most important member of the micro-ecological system. Its genetic factors, immune status, physiological functions and health status are the basic factors of disease resistance, and the composition and structure of normal microbiota in the internal and external environment. The function has certain requirements and influences, and there is also a specific demand for various factors of the ecological environment. These internal and external factors are in keeping with the fish to form a relatively stable dynamic balance, so that the farmed fish are in a healthy growth state. When the fish is in a healthy state, there is a relatively stable microbial population in its internal and external environment, such as the surface and mucus of freshwater fish, from Pseudomonas, Achromobaeterium, and gas. The normal microbiota composed of Aeromonas etc. not only participates in the host's "physiological system" activity, but also promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, inhibits the proliferation of harmful bacteria, and forms the first path against pathogenic bacteria. Defense, the "reasonable coexistence" of this state, is also affected by many other factors and pathogenic factors in the ecological environment. Under normal conditions, there is a "dynamic balance" between fish, microbes and the ecological environment. Within a certain range, this balance has relative stability. Such as Aeromonas
Hydrophila) caused by explosive hemorrhagic disease, within the scope of "dynamic equilibrium", even if the density of this pathogen is abnormal (> 06/m1), spot-enzymatic detection of Aeromonas hydrophila (Aeromonas
When hydrophila's HEC toxin was still negative, the fish did not develop [4]. When the environment (such as hydrology, residual bait, climate, and pollution source) causes water quality changes due to poor quality, resulting in the emergence of a large number of harmful substances such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, and damage to the normal microflora on the surface membrane of fish, the environmental conditions are suitable for water The growth of Aeromonas bacteria caused the pathogen to break through the first “line of defense†and invade the fish, causing the balance of the micro-ecosystem to be destroyed. At the same time, due to the decomposition of a large number of organic matter, the anaerobic bacteria activity intensified and resulted in an increase in the nitrous acid nitrogen value and an increase in the ammonia nitrogen value. Induced by these factors, the endotoxin-secreting activity of the pathogenic bacteria will be enhanced, and the "static" pathogenic bacteria will be "activated" and secrete endotoxin in large quantities, resulting in the occurrence of fulminant hemorrhagic disease. The original ecological balance of the fish is not adjusted, and the population structure of the microorganism changes from the original normal diversity to the growth and reproduction of certain pathogenic bacteria, resulting in a series of pathological changes in the body of the fish.
Therefore, maintaining and stabilizing this “dynamic balance†with reasonable human influence has become a key technology for the prevention and control of modern fish diseases.
2 The role of microecological agents on the body of fish
2.1 Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms, reducing and preventing diseases Under normal circumstances, a large number of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of aquatic animals exist as a single entity, and they are interdependent, mutually restrictive, and have complementary advantages. They both serve as digestive and nutritive Physiological effects can also inhibit the invasion and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful bacteria, so as to exert their health effects of preventing infection. When animals are subjected to stress, such as feed replacement, weaning, transportation, disease, and long-term large-scale use of antibiotics, they can cause the destruction of these beneficial microflora in the digestive tract and become pathological [2]. When the probiotics enter the digestive tract with the feed, they will produce beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract of fish and compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrient and intestinal cell surface attachment sites, thereby inhibiting the survival of pathogenic bacteria. Reproduction, settlement and attachment. In the body, beneficial bacteria and host mucosal epithelium tightly bind to produce dense pellicles, forming a microbial barrier to protect; beneficial bacteria attached to the animal's digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin, in the metabolic process to produce volatile fatty acids and Lactic acid can reduce the pH value in the habitat, so that the environment is conducive to the reproduction of the flora to form a dominant flora, produce hydrogen peroxide, inhibit the occurrence of pathogens; some bacteria produce antibiotics and bacteriocins, can kill pathogens[5 ].
2.2 Improve the body's metabolism, supplement the body's nutrients, and promote the body's growth and development Many probiotics contain a lot of nutrients themselves, such as light and bacteria (PSB) rich in protein (crude protein content 65%), also contains a variety of vitamins, Calcium, phosphorus and various trace elements and coenzyme Q, etc., along with their reproduction and metabolism in the digestive tract of animals, can also produce amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients and physiologically active substances such as auxin [6].
Microecological preparations as feed additives will enter the body's digestive tract with food and grow and multiply in the digestive tract. The resulting beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus natto, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and yeasts can produce proteases. , Amylase, lipase, cellulolytic enzymes, pectin, phytase, etc., together with the intrinsic enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract to promote the digestion and absorption of feed, can greatly improve the utilization of feed, and create an animal growth and development Essential good digestive tract environment, reduce intestinal infections, promote digestion and absorption, and animal growth; and synthesize vitamin B family, vitamin K, carotenoids, amino acids, biologically active substances, coenzyme Q, and some unknown factors involved in substance metabolism To promote animal growth. Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH of the intestine and promotes the absorption of trace elements such as vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and iron [2]. And some beneficial bacteria can produce a variety of beneficial substances such as amino acids, vitamins, etc. itself, and even the bacteria itself is a good palatability feed for cultured objects [5].
Microorganisms in addition to micro-organisms involved in the body's protein, carbohydrates, fat metabolism and vitamin synthesis, but also involved in bile metabolism, cholesterol metabolism and hormone conversion process. Such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acid production, improve the acid environment of the stomach, promote the absorption of VD, Ca2+ and Fe2+, at the same time, it can synthesize various B vitamins, thus enhancing the nutrition metabolism of the animal [7].
The fermentation product (humic acid, fulvic acid) in the microecological preparation has a clear promotion and antithrombotic effect on the local blood circulation of the gastrointestinal tract, which can obviously improve the circulation and enhance the ability of nutrient absorption and utilization. The mortality rate of hybrid quails fed with microecological preparations under low temperature conditions was significantly lower than that of the control group [8]. In particular, the mortality rate after infection was lower than that of the control group, indicating that hybrid quail was improved after the establishment of beneficial microecological balance. Cold resistance and disease resistance under low temperature conditions. The study shows that microecological agents can regulate the body's microecological balance, promote metabolism, improve the composition of erythrocyte membranes and the fluidity of membranes, reduce the brittleness of membranes, and prevent hemolysis at low temperatures, resulting in a protective effect. . Secondly, after the ecological preparations were fed, the blood glucose levels and blood lipid levels of the hybrids were also significantly lower than those of the control group under low-temperature infections. This indicates that the microecological preparations maintain normal metabolism and normal physiological functions, especially at low temperatures. Under the greater adaptability of its metabolic process has a significant effect.
2.3 Immunity Microbial preparations can act as exogenous antigens or adjuvants to play a role in immune immunity. The specific manifestations are as follows: The immune organs of juveniles have not yet fully matured after birth, making them early exposure to benign microorganisms to promote the development and maturation of immune organs. Lactobacillus stimulates certain localized immune responses of the intestine with certain immunoregulatory factors to increase the body's antibody level or macrophage activity and enhance its immunity; Bacillus can promote intestinal related lymphoid tissues and make them highly responsive. "Preparation state", at the same time, can accelerate the development of juvenile immune organs and promote its early and mature as soon as possible. The number of T and B lymphocytes increases, and the humoral immunity and cellular immunity of aquatic animals increase, thereby enhancing the body's immunity and Disease resistance [2].
As the host's life-long antigen library, the long-term colonization of microorganisms in the microecological preparations achieves a symbiotic relationship with the host, and can also promote the production of antibodies against the same pathogenic bacteria and some inhibitory products. For example, E. coli-produced coliform toxins can inhibit the production of dysentery bacilli [7]; lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestine of the salmon can inhibit pathogens (such as Aeromonas and Aeromonas hydrophila); turbot food intake Lactobacillus rotifers can enhance its resistance to Vibrio [3]. The active factors in the microecological preparations can act in the form of certain immunomodulatory factors, stimulate the immune response in the intestine, promote the increase of immunoglobulin content, and enhance the immune function [7].
3 Application of Microecological Preparations in Fish Feeds The authors used EM to feed large scale larvae and tested the fish blood parameters to find that the experimental group had higher hemoglobin content and red blood cell counts than the control group. The experimental group was able to tolerate hypoxia and endurance. The adverse environmental ability was significantly stronger than that of the control group (the paper was to be published).
Chen Yong et al [9] fed eel with sprays of microecological preparations. The results showed that the experimental group had colonized the intestine (Bacillus and Lactobacillus) in the intestine; the beneficial intestinal flora (Erwin's, Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Immobilized Bacteria, etc.) Proliferated; the number of harmful bacteria (Shigella, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Salmonella, etc.) was suppressed, and fish immunity was enhanced. The differences between weight and net growth were extremely significant (P<0.01), the average weight gain rate increased by 10.5%, and the average growth rate increased by 15%. The test showed that adding a certain amount of microecological preparations to the carp feed can promote the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, selectively stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, inhibit the propagation of harmful bacteria, and form the best micro Eco-flora has positive significance for reducing digestive tract diseases, increasing the digestive rate of carp, and promoting the growth of carp.
Sun Jiajun et al. [10] mixed photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) with bait and fed Chinese shrimp for 22 days. It was found that PO, SOD, bacteriolysis and antibacterial activity of shrimp were 102.2% and 22.1% higher than those of the control group, respectively. , 53.4% ​​and 14.0%, the number of blood cells was 67.2% higher.
The use of probiotics can reduce the use of antibiotics, improve the meat and body color of farm animals, and increase their tolerance and stress. Zhang Qing et al. [11] fed Bacillus monodon with the Bacillus-predominant compound preparation. The meat quality and constitution of the shrimp were improved. The water content of the shrimp decreased, and the crude protein and amino acid content increased significantly. The NH4+ was 1.8-2.0 mg/kg. L, N02-0.4 ~ 0.5mg/L and DO
Under the condition of 0.29-0.32mg/L, the half-life time of the test group was longer than that of the control group by 2.1h and 3h, respectively. Huang Yongchun et al [5] found that the use of microecological preparations EM fed Jianou found: the experimentally formed wolfberry red blood cells, hemoglobin were higher than the control group, oxygen consumption rate is lower than the control group, which makes it have a higher degree of stress resistance.
Nie Shicheng et al. [12] used the “research on the growth and anti-stress effects of three kinds of microecological preparations on carp†to show that adding 0.1% of enzyme-enriched probiotics to feed can effectively improve the feed utilization rate; similarly, adding 0.2% plus Enzyme probiotics and 0.2% anti-stress agents can also improve feed utilization and reduce feed conversion.
The use of microecological preparations as additives in fish feed has shown that microecological preparations as green additives have the potential to promote healthy growth of fish, reduce feed conversion, improve fish immunity and stress resistance, and improve the quality of aquatic products. Efficacy is a quality additive that is worthy of promotion and application.
Due to the development and widespread application of microecological agents, the two-dimensional structure of the original agricultural mission consisting of plants and animals will soon be over, and the three-dimensional structure of agriculture will be plant, animal, and microbe resources. Any planting and aquaculture industry that can use microecological preparations can obviously improve the environment and significantly save energy if it can develop the applicable microecological products. Together with the implementation of other environmental protection measures, we can The environment will be a truly green environment, and the eco-friendly products will truly become what people have predicted: after the era of brilliant antibiotics, it will be a new era of micro-ecology.
Honeysuckle has long been known as a good antipyretic and antidote. It is sweet and cold and fragrant, sweet and cold and clear heat without hurting stomach, fragrant and transparent can dispel evil. Honeysuckle not only can disperse wind and heat, but also can clear and detoxify blood. It can be used for various febrile and venereal diseases, such as body fever, eruption, macula, febrile poisonous sores, sore throat and so on.
Mechanism and Application of Microecological Agents in Fish Feed
With the development of aquaculture, more and more applications of fish and shrimp compound feeds and feed additives have been applied. A variety of drug promoting agents, chemical promoting agents and other antibiotic additives have emerged as the times require. Some drugs have a certain role in promoting growth and improving the utilization of feed, but they also bring some insurmountable disadvantages. The first is to destroy the microecological balance of the intestine, resulting in increased susceptibility of the organism to pathogenic microorganisms, resistance to drug production, and accumulation of antibiotics, resulting in harm to human health and becoming a major public health problem. The use of microecological agents that do not contain harmful substances, have no toxic or side effects, do not pollute the environment, promote the growth of animals and plants, and improve the body's immune system, and produce safe and healthy green foods have become an extremely important research topic in the feed industry.