Radishes due to the variety, sowing date, planting density and moisture content, as well as improper fertilization, harvesting and storage, will cause hollow fleshy roots, affecting the eating quality and nutritional value. Variety differences: small radishes with dense flesh have slower growth of fleshy roots, and the growth of leaves and roots are balanced, not easy to hollow; large radishes with loose flesh have fleshy roots that grow too fast, and the growth of roots is larger than that of leaves and is easy to hollow. Differences in sowing dates: radishes grow under high temperature and drought, especially at night when the temperature is high, growth is stagnant, consumes a large amount of nutrients, and is easy to hollow; suitable time for sowing makes radishes at higher daily temperature, lower night temperature, and greater temperature difference between day and night It grows normally in the environment and is not easy to hollow. Density difference: Under the condition of fertile soil and wide row spacing, the fleshy roots of radish grow too fast, and the growth of leaves and roots is out of balance, so that the organic nutrients produced in the ground are not enough to supply the needs of the expansion and growth of fleshy roots in the ground. Hollow is easy to appear. Improper fertilization: unreasonable fertilization of radish, especially late topdressing, too much dosage, and improper combination of fertilizer varieties, too much nitrogen fertilizer, so that the ground growth of radish is too vigorous, and the roots are enlarged, causing hollowness. Soil lack of water: Soil moisture is one of the important factors affecting the hollowness of radish, especially during the formation of fleshy roots, the soil lacks water, growth is hindered, and it is easy to hollow. If the soil is wet in the early stage and the soil is dry in the later stage, the accumulation and operation of nutrients are unfavorable. , The root tissue loses water, and it is prone to hollowing. Late harvesting: Spring and summer radish varieties are hollow after harvesting late or early bolting. Improper storage: When the temperature is too high and the humidity is too low, the radish collected and stored will become hollow due to fast breathing and water loss; when the temperature is too low, the fleshy roots are also prone to hollowness after being frozen. The hollow of radish affects the yield, quality and economic benefits of radish. Comprehensive measures must be taken to prevent and treat hollow radish. Selected varieties: small varieties with fine meat quality that are not easy to hollow should be selected. Fine planting: master the appropriate sowing period and reasonably close planting. Scientific use of fertilizers: The radish fertilizer should be based on the principle of base fertilizer and topdressing as a supplement, pay attention to the reasonable combination of the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and fertilize scientifically. For varieties with a short growth period, base fertilizer is the mainstay. For varieties with a long growth period, topdressing should be done in stages, and “light topdressing at the true leaf stage and heavy topdressing at the fleshy root swelling stageâ€. General application in the early stage and acupoint application in the later stage to meet the needs of each growing period of radish, and to balance the growth of the upper part of the ground and the underground part, to achieve the purpose of hypertrophy and not hollow radish. Boron fertilizer can promote the radish heart to grow bigger. From the start of the radish seedlings growing 2-3 true leaves to about half a month before harvest, spray boron fertilizer once every 20 days, use 150 grams of borax or 100 grams of boric acid per mu each time, first dissolve with a small amount of warm water Then spray evenly on the water from 60 kg to 75 kg, and the spray time is appropriate in the evening. Balanced water supply: The requirements for soil water content in the growth and development stage of radish are generally 60%-80%, especially in the period of radish fleshy roots swelling, insufficient soil water supply or drought and waterlogging can easily cause hollowness, so balanced water supply should be maintained When the soil moisture content is lower than the above requirements, it is necessary to water properly. The topdressing fertilizer can be used to control the humidity of the soil to prevent over-drying and over-wetting. Use the method of "drought thoroughly and water evenly in cloudy days" to keep the soil moisture at 70%-80%. Turnip should be properly watered in the later stage of growth and in drought. Watering should be done in the evening to reduce soil temperature, which is conducive to the movement of nutrients in the leaves to the roots, promotes the expansion of fleshy roots, and prevents hollowness. Chemical control: Spray 50 mg/kg gibberellin solution during the growth period of radishes, generally half a month before harvest, do not spray too early to prevent the expansion of fleshy roots; spray 10 mg/kg naphthalene acetic acid solution twice in the late growth period. Each interval of 10-15 days will not affect the growth of fleshy roots, but also prevent hollowness and delay maturity. If spraying 10 mg/kg naphthalene acetic acid, adding 5% sucrose and 5 mg/kg borax liquid, the three are mixed and sprayed, the effect of preventing hollowing is better. Paclobutrazol has the functions of controlling the excessive growth of plants and rationally regulating the distribution and operation of photosynthetic products in plants. During the growth period of radish plants, use 15 grams of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder per mu and spray 50 kilograms of water evenly. Generally, the medicine can be used once for non-overgrown fields. Disclaimer: Some articles on this website are transferred from the Internet. If the legal rights of a third party are involved, please inform this website for processing. phone
Drug intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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